Huck Finn and Social Justice

Hucâ Chenxing Ouyang 3/20/2013 American Lit-Social Justice and Huck Finn â€Å"Persons endeavoring to locate a rationale in this account will be arraigned; people endeavoring to locate a good in it will be expelled; people endeavoring to discover a plot in it will be shot. † This notification toward the start is disputable; a few people say that it is an admonition that was composed for perusers when bondage was a delicate issue to discuss, while others decipher it as a sarcastic remark about the manner in which writing is examined to discover means and ethics in a book.But I accept what Mark Twain is attempting to state is: â€Å"Don’t attempt to break down the book, simply read it for the sake of entertainment, no weight! â€Å" In the bookâ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnâ by Mark Twain, the lifestyleâ of the Southerners in the mid-1800s are portrayed through the eyes of a 13 years of age kid Huck Finn living along the Mississippi River. It is a book abo ut the quest for opportunity. Principle characters in the film look for opportunity from social and good limitations. All through novel, Huck figures out how to follow his own ethics and qualities over what society considered to be adequate in the 1800 s.He in the long run accomplished what he wants the most-opportunity. In Twain’s assessment, it is the â€Å"closed mentalities about servitude of the general public precluded the improvement of individual ethical quality and social equity. †  â One of the most significant issues introduced in this book is subjugation. The prevalence of whites was one of the reasons for servitude. When Mark twain was grown up, White men were brought into the world with benefit and prevalence while blacks were bound over be slaves. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Papa says to Huck: â€Å"You're instructed; as well, they state; can peruse and write.You believe you're better’n your dad, presently, don’t you, since he can’t? I’ll remove it from you†. At the point when Papa discovers that Huck is being sent to class by Ms. Watson and instructed, he is threatened by the way that his child, is being acculturated and going to be a superior individual than he is. A feeling of weakness is created and Papa promptly considers Huck to be a danger to his acquired benefits. This frailty represented the whites’ dread of losing strength over dark people.In Papa’s mind, Huck is his property; it is somewhat weird for us to feel that somebody is really â€Å"owned† by another person, however when bondage is endured openly and has been polished for many year, it is very typical for individuals to excuse the possibility of singularity and individual flexibility. The demonstration of removing cash from Huck to purchase drinks since Huck is his â€Å"property† ensnares the southern custom of whites compelling captives to chip away at cotton fields so as to make mone y.Also, Papa spares his pride by seizing Huck from Ms. Watson without considering Huck’s ability of doing so represented the benefit of whites ruling blacks in the bygone eras. False reverence assumes another significant job in the book. Imprint Twain presents the false reverence of Southern culture through the quarrels between the Shepredsons and Grangerford. Huck sees that â€Å"He hadn't seen no house out in the nation before that had so much style† when he first goes to the family.The extravagant house where the Grangerfolds live shows the documentations of privileged, in this house â€Å"there are excellent drapes on the windows, white with pictures painted of strongholds. † The draperies painted with strongholds give the family a feeling of prevalence over different townspeople. These minor subtleties make them imagine that they are above every other person. Alongside the bogus nobility the Grangerfords additionally have a bogus information on scholastics. At the point when Buck is approached to spell Huck’s name, the kid spells â€Å"GeorgeJaxon† rather than â€Å"Jackson†, he incorrectly spells it.Buck makes reference to prior that he went to class yet he isn't as taught as he however he may be. It is self-absorbed for the family to see themselves as exceptionally instructed upper classmen when their child can’t spell effectively. Other than being self important and erroneously privileged, the Grangerfords likewise are exceptionally strict. On Sunday the two families go to chapel. At the point when Huck goes in with the family he sees that in both the quarreling families, â€Å"the men take their firearms along† to chapel and discussion about how the lesson was â€Å"all about thoughtful love† after church.They butcher each other severely for the remainder of the day yet they think they are acceptable and God adoring. Profound quality is another significant topic in the book, Twain composed Huck’s character to delineate the changing estimations of ethical quality and morals in the public arena. Huck is a round character, he begins a guiltless kid who anticipates nothing from life except for opportunity, at that point bit by bit grows up and figures out how to follow his own ethics and qualities over what social orders regarded to be satisfactory. For instance, in Charpter 31, Huck says: â€Å"All right at that point, I’ll get lost! He chooses to spare Jim out of servitude despite seemingly insurmountable opposition. In spite of the fact that Huck was enticed to compose a letter to Ms. Watson, educating her regarding Jim’s area, he follows his own virtue and chooses to spare Jim. This demonstration shows that Huck has built up the development to acknowledge outcomes, for example, going to hellfire for his eagerness to spare Jim so as to follow his own esteem and fulfill his own ethical norm. Right off the bat in the novel, Huck feels regretful of supporting a runaway slave escape from the great Christian ladies, however his racial victimization Jim reduces as the novel progresses.Their relationship mirrors the contention between the bigot condition that Huck experiences childhood in and their requirements for one another. In the long run the contention settle itself when Huck understood that â€Å"Just in light of the fact that you’re instructed that something’s right and everybody accepts it’s right, it don’t make it right†. This statement shows that prejudice has been injected into Huck’s life and Jim’s words show that despite the fact that he is uneducated like different slaves, he can neglect Huck’s bigotry. Twain draws out these thoughts and considerations with the power of a child’s moral compass elegantly.President Barack Obama said in his debut discourse: â€Å"we have consistently comprehended that when times change, so should we; that devotion to our e stablishing standards requires new reactions to new difficulties; that protecting our individual opportunities at last requires aggregate activity. † He brings up the significance of finding our own good and ethic standards so we are fit for confronting new difficulties the general public presents to us. In the Adventures of Huckleberry Berry Finn, Mark Twain calls attention to the equivalent thing.Huck is in moral clash with the qualities and moralities of the general public in which he lives. He is profoundly confounded by what the general public needs him to do and what he needs to do as a person. Huck inevitably settles on an ethical decision dependent on his own valuation of Jim's kinship with him, an ethical decision drives that drives an immediate resistance to the diminishes he used to be instructed. What President Obama and Mark Twain are both proposing is that it is our unsatisfaction of own conditions drives us to scrutinize the got estimations of society, in what d irection, we jump out and about of looking for our own values.We experience feelings that we never experienced by fitting on others' shoes, consequently we figure out how to identify. Another methods of justifying and admonishing is created. Imprint Twain utilized â€Å"n-word† in his book to mock that South for it long history of bondage and to cause individuals to acknowledge how brutal African Americans were treated back in the days. By giving a precise look in to our appalling past, it makes us review and consider the importance of decency and equity. Imprint Twain proposes in his Lecture Notes that â€Å"a sound heart is a surer guide than a poorly prepared conscience†.He needs us to realize how significant it is for us to continue chasing and improving their comprehension of decency and equity. Like the manner in which he depicts the novel â€Å" a book of mine where a sound heart and a disfigured still, small voice come into crash and inner voice endures defeat † which is predictable with Obama's discourse on opportunity. â€Å"We hold these facts to act naturally clear, that all men are made equivalent; that they are enriched by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, freedom, and the quest for satisfaction. Talking by and large, Mark Twain distinguishes the issue of society, and makes us contemplate things, for example, singular opportunity, individual worth and good standards. President Obama strengthens them, he advocates the significance of certain documentation of reasonableness and balances with the goal that minorities won't be mistreated due to majority’s choices. All through the novel, society’s voice is heard through the voice of 13 years of age kid Huck. The bigot and disdainful hatred that existed at the time is at ordinarily present.It is essential for us to perceive that Twain debates these thoughts all through the novel. Twain brings out beyond all detectable inhibition s of the injustice of the general public and makes the perusers to challenge the conviction of accepted practices. By utilizing parody, incongruity and mockery, Twain calls attention to the idiocy of bondage and delineates society’s perspectives of ethical quality in contracts with Huck’s own method of recognize profound quality through his undertakings with Jim. These social equity issues about servitude, destitution, false reverence and profound quality are genuine and indeed, we are encountering it consistently in various degrees.Use the war in Iraq for instance of a strict bad faith, while President Bush is attempting to persuade the Arab world that his war is about freedom, most Arabs see it for what is truly is; it is a get of monetary and normal assets, an endeavor to aven

Nationalism and the First World War free essay sample

A conversation of the nationalistic foundations of the First World War. This paper presents different clarifications why the First World War started, what were its essential drivers, and focuses especially on the centrality of the rising colonialism during the nineteenth century, most particularly among the European countries (Germany, Great Britain, and Austria-Hungary). The First World War was the first-historically speaking war that had brought incredible obliteration and required more noteworthy association of numerous nations, most particularly the European countries. Proof of the approaching universal war began during the mid nineteenth century, wherein colonization and fortifying of military force is the most predominant movement of every single European country around then. The World War I was said to have numerous causes, despite the fact that the most significant and progressively well known reason examined by antiquarians today is that the First World War began due to the rising colonialism among contending European countries. The war had two contending gatherings, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. We will compose a custom paper test on Patriotism and the First World War or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Triple Alliance was made out of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, while the Triple Entente was comprised of Great Britain, France, and Russia. These gatherings were not initially framed as a group of three; rather, every country got subsidiary with one another previously and over the span of the war. Probably the soonest collusion that were shaped (before the First World War) is the settlement among Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia in 1879, which is then called the Dual Alliance (Spartacus Educational 2002). Different coalitions (that of the Triple Entente, specifically) were framed upon the statement of the war. Different countries that took an interest in the war, similar to Japan and the US, possibly partook when the war is now raising. Before the First World War, there is as of now strain between these nations (containing the Triple Alliance and Entente) due to succeeding occasions (pre-1914 occasions) that turned into the essential explanations behind the war to unavoidably start.

What is CPD and how is this relevant to the PG student Essay

What is CPD and how is this applicable to the PG understudy - Essay Example The paper tells that from a business discipline viewpoint, Boud and Hager characterize CPD as ‘a assortment of learning endeavors through which business experts maintain and progress all through their calling to ensure that they keep up their capacity to exchange viably, securely, and legitimately inside their creating extent of practice’. To put it plainly, CPD is the procedure through which experts proceed to learn and grow constantly in their professions to keep their insight and abilities forward-thinking and can exchange viably, securely, and legitimately. Authoritative methodology for the most part includes the whole association. Through group CPD, HR chiefs can guarantee that laborers complete their CPD hours. There are various favorable circumstances to executing CPD as a group. Be that as it may, there are weaknesses to CPD too. In hierarchical CPD rehearses, there is a huge accentuation on adaptability of arrangements and a solid requirement for straightforward ness and defense in making a judgment on arrangement and execution. From the viewpoint of an individual expert, the inquiry that should be tended to is: the thing that subjects CPD should address. The writing proposes: 1) condition and setting, 2) information, 3) practices and aptitudes, 4) human elements, 5) Professional qualities and characters, 6) dynamic, 7) ways to deal with recognizing adapting needs, 8) execution and acknowledgment. CPD is a procedure intended to assist experts with dealing with their individual advancement on a continuous premise. It is essentially purposed to enable experts, to reflect and survey what they realize. It's anything but a tick-box original copy recording singular starter preparing. It goes past that. Preparing and improvement are regularly utilized conversely, despite the fact that there is a differentiation.

Causes Of The Civil War - Free Essay Example

With African Americans leaving the gathering of Lincoln and white Southerners grasping it, the waiting stun waves from the Civil War, in the long run, drove the gatherings to reconstitute themselves in various ways that are still discussed today. Some say the prime reason for the Civil War was social rights, others say it was because of subjection. Southerners in 1861 were genuinely sure the war was about subjugation. At the core of a great part of the Souths issues was servitude. The South depended on subjection for work to till the ground. Numerous individuals in the North trusted that subjection wasnt right and shrewdness these were known as abolitionists; they needed bondage made unlawful all through the United States. Abolitionists, for example, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe started to persuade an ever-increasing number of individuals of the shrewdness of subjugation. This made the South dreadful that their lifestyle would arrive at an end. The Southern states needed to attest their position over the government so they could abrogate bureaucratic laws they didnt bolster, particularly laws meddling with the Souths entitlement to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished. Another factor was regional extension; therefore, the South wished to bring servitude into the western domains, while the North was focused on keeping them open to whitework alone. In the interim, the recently framed Republican gathering, whose individuals were firmly restricted toward the westbound development of subjugation into new states, was picking up unmistakable quality. The decision of a Republican, Abraham Lincoln, as President in 1860 wrapped everything up. His triumph, without a solitary Southern appointive vote, was an unmistakable flag toward the Southern states that they had lost all impact. Feeling rejected from the political framework, they swung to the main elective they accepted was left to them: withdrawal, a political choice tha t drove straightforwardly to war. Slaves in the U.S., 1860 Pro-bondage advocates in California, for instance, needed captives to prospect for gold and assemble gold and silver mines. On the off chance that servitude was so vital toward the southern economy of cultivating, for what reason did just a single fourth of southerners claim slaves? For what reason were such huge numbers of noticeable southerners, for example, George Washington, George Wythe, and Thomas Jefferson contradicted, from a certain perspective to the foundation? Subjection, as well, was viewed as an ethical malice by a huge number of northern abolitionists who distributed papers and walked in the roads of residential areas and extensive urban communities conveying their bright pennants. Abraham Lincoln did not target cultivating and cotton in his contentions against bondage; he utilized ethical quality. He disclosed to one group of onlookers in Chicago in 1859 that, I think subjugation isnt right, ethically and politically. Lincoln told another gath ering of people that America couldnt be seen encouraging human servitude and broadcasting ourselves, in the meantime, the sole companions of human opportunity. And, obviously, in his legendary House Divided discourse he anticipated that the United States would be either all slave or all free. With the dread of the Civil War, the idea that slave work for cotton fields caused the Civil War has been fortified by reading material and anecdotal accounts for over a century. Students of history, notwithstanding, contend for a more nuanced, complex comprehension. The Civil War was battled for some reasons, not exclusively or even basically in view of the developing significance of cotton on southern homesteads.

Collegiate Sports Should Players Get Paid - 3146 Words

The biggest question in collegiate sports right now is should players get paid to play? Some argue it would destroy the amateurism in collegiate sports. If they are paid then they should be considered professionals. Others say it would help the students be able to support themselves while they are in college. They are getting a free education from a top university isn’t that enough? No and that’s why I say yes and that collegiate athletes should get paid to play sports because money is being made from the use of their talents and exploitation of their likeness. There is a lot of money being made by the NCAA and schools that have major programs in any sporting event. There are 460,000 students that participate in collegiate sports†¦show more content†¦Its purpose was to be a rules and regulating body for intercollegiate sports. Also to establish rules for recruiting and financial aid to athletes. And control the amount of money going to each school and various organizations. As television began to broaden our horizons and collegiate games were being able to be seen around the world the NCAA saw a major influx in money it was receiving after the 1980’s. Now almost every sports and championship is shown on networks such as ESPN, Fox Sports, CBS, and ABC. As of 2013 the NCAA made 912.8 million dollars in revenue from March Madness according to Indystar.com. NCAA.com shows that only 532 million was reimbursed to between the 3 collegiate divisions. With Division 1 receiving $497,600,000 while division 2 received 22 million and division 3 receiving 13 million to split between each of its number of schools in each division. This money is to be disbursed between 5 different categories: 39 % to the basketball fund, 26 % to grants and aid, 15% to student assistance, 13% to sports sponsorships, and 5% to academic enhancement. That leaves almost 380.8 million dollars left. 280 million goes to association programming, management, and surplus. That still leaves close to 100 million dollars of unused funds that the NCAA has left over. Even more considering that the NCAA make around $6 billion annually just from March

The Impact Of Gambling On The Australian Community

1. Introduction The gambling industry is big business in Australia, with Australians losing $15 billion on gambling last year (Tasmanian Gaming Commission, 2003). The industry has grown substantially in the last twenty years following the widespread introduction and legalisation of casinos and gaming machines. The proportion of household disposable income directed towards gambling has escalated, as has the amount of taxation revenue provided to governments from gambling. A number of parallels have been drawn between gambling and alcohol as both are legal for adults, heavily marketed, strongly regulated, provide substantial tax revenue, can be viewed as entertainment, and are deemed a matter of personal responsibility. This paper explores the concerns surrounding the role of gambling in the Australian community. It examines the extent to which gambling is an established part of industry at both the state and federal level and the manner in which gambling is regulated by various Australian governments. It provides analysis of both the positive and negative economic and social impacts of gambling in Australia. 2. What is Gambling? Gambling, defined by Talina Drabsch (2003), is the act of staking money on uncertain events driven by chance. It can be subdivided into two groups: wagering (racing and sports) and gaming (casinos, gaming machines, keno and lotteries). It has been a feature of the Australian lifestyle for over 100 years with the first official horse meeting being runShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Banning Pit Bull Terriers937 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Name: Kinwen Foo Student ID: Gec000009f Unit task: VU21482 Task 1 1. Banning Pit Bull terriers. Hour alcohol can harm communities Wind forms Climate change Alpine logging 2. 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The Effects of Online Newspapers on Newspaper Cicrulation free essay sample

Newspapers are journals for producing and retaining information and events. They are the primary medium from which people receive news. According to the Wikipedia, the newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. Newspapers are usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as Newsprint. The printed product received at bookshops and newsstands may seem like a technological improvement from Johannes Gutenberg’s time. In fact, Gutenberg, a German Blacksmith (1398-1468) is often credited with the evolution of printing which is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period. At present, technologies are indeed shaping the scope of news reporting all over the world, with Nigeria inclusive. In fact, technology has always been a metaphor for change in the media industries (Defleur and Dennis 1994:224). The fact however, is that newspapers are well into the technological age. Reporters dip into digitized data for source materials and write stories on computers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Online Newspapers on Newspaper Cicrulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Editors edit stories and lay out pages electronically. It is in final production that old technologies reign with multimillion naira presses that consume tons and tons of newsprint and barrels and barrels of ink. In delivery too, with minimum-wage vendors who are entrusted to get the papers to readers. This had made newspapers to lag. Hence, circulation figures have drooped so low in recent times. It is in the light of this that Press Baron, Rupert Murdoch, who once described the profits flowing from his stables of newspapers as â€Å"rivers of gold†, was quoted to have said several years later that â€Å"sometimes, rivers dry up†. In 2009, a study conducted revealed that the combined daily circulation of all Nigerian newspapers was less than 300000. These figures though was vehemently disagreed upon by Publishers considering the fact that circulation figures is a major factor which the advertiser uses to prepare a media plan. However, denying a thing does not make it false. The truth is that all newspapers in Nigeria today, have a combined daily circulation that is far less than that of Daily Times of Nigeria in 1980, when the population in Nigeria then was about half of what it is today (Popoola, 2010). Times are changing. In the vanguard of evolving trends in media practice and dissemination of news, newspapers are considering combining other options. The introduction of the internet has enabled newspapers to complement their importance by creating online versions of their newspapers. Online newspapers, according to Wikipedia, are newspapers that exist on the Worldwide Web. It is becoming more common for newspaper publishers to establish Web sites, and sometimes an Internet address is included in the publisher’s statement in print. The extent of online information offered by newspaper publishers varies greatly. Some offer online versions of their print issues, others offer their current top stories with additional Internet news services, and some offer only subscription and advertising information.

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Essay Example

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Essay PRACTICAL 6 Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the features of seed plant life cycle and the concept of the dominant generation. 2. To describe the life histories and related reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 3. To summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms and angiosperms. 4. To discuss the advantages of seed plants to dominate land and their evolutionary adaptations on land. EXPERIMENT 1: Gymnosperms INTRODUCTION: Gymnosperms (720 species in 65 genera) are ancient seed plants that include ginkgos (Division Ginkgophyta), cycads (Division Cycadophyta), conifers (Division Coniferophyta), and gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta). The term gymnosperm derives from the Greek wood roots gymnos, meaning â€Å"naked†, and sperma, meaning â€Å"seed†. They are naked-seeded plants meaning that the ovule, which becomes a seed, is exposed on the sporophyte at pollination. Mature seed are not enclosed in a fruit as are those of flowering plants. Gymnosperms are best known for their characteristic cones, called strobili. These strobili display sporangia and their subsequently developing ovules and pollens. Gymnosperms do not require water for sperm to swim to reach the egg as do seedless plants. Instead, immense amount of windblown pollen are produced. Most gymnosperm cones, including the familiar pine cone, are complex whorls of leaflike, woody scales around a central axis. The smallest cones include those of the junipers (Juniperus) which have flesh scales fused into a structure resembling a berry. The larger cones may weigh 45 kg and are produced by cycads. We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In most gymnosperm species, the female megastrobilus is larger and distinctive from the male microstrobilus. MATERIALS: 1. Living or preserved specimens of * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) * Cycad (Cycad sp. ) * Pine (Pinus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of gymnosperms 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: A ginkgo: 1. A prepared slide of male strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. 2. A prepared slide of female strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. A cycad: 1. A female cycad is examined. The leaves, megasporophylls, megasporangia and developing seed are identified. 2. The pollen cone bears on male cycad. Pollinated cone is examined and microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are identified. A pine: 1. A male cone and female cone of Pinus sp. are obtained. 2. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of female cone is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangia, and ovule are looked. 3. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of male cone is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are looked. 4. Fertilization occurs after the pollen tube penetrates the megasporangium and allows sperm to enter the archegonium and fuses with the egg. The zygote will form after fertilization. A prepared slide of the developing embryo of Pinus sp. is examined. 5. Mature seed cone is obtained. The seed with wing attached to the ovuliferous scale is found. 6. The anatomy of pine leaf one needle is examined. The following: epidermis, stoma, photosynthetic mesophyll, endodermis, phloem, xylem, and resin duct are identified. RESULTS Cross section of Ginkgo Biloba Cross section of Cycad Cross section of female pine Cross section of male pine EXPERIMENT 2: Angiosperms INTRODUCTION: Angiosperms are the most abundant, diverse, and widespread of all land plants. They are successful because they are structurally diverse, have efficient vascular systems, share a variety of mutualisms (especially with insects and fungi), and have short generation times. Flowering plants are important to human because our world economy is overwhelmingly based on them. Indeed, we eat and use vegetative structures (roots, stems and leaves) as well as reproductive structure (flowers, seeds, and fruits). You will find that many of the vegetative structures are quite similar to those of more ancient plants shown. The roots, stems, and leaves of flowering plants function just as those of ferns and cone bearing plants. Flowers and fruits, however are unique adaptations of angiosperms. Biologists believe that the extraordinary adaptiveness of these structures has led to the proliferation of the incredible diversity found among flowering plants. MATERIALS: 1. Living specimens of angiosperms (dicots monocots) with roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Imperata cylindrical, zea mays, Carica papaya, Phaseolus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of angiosperms (dicots monocots) 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: Roots: 1. A root of dicots and monocots are obtained for morphology and anatomy study. 2. The root systems of representative dicot and monocot are looked. 3. Cross section of dicot root shows the central stele is surrounded by a thick cortex and epidermis. The following: epidermis, cortex, parenchyma cells, starch grains, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, and xylem are identified. 4. Cross section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds a central pith. The following: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and xylem are identified. 5. A prepared slide of the roots for some other species is obtained and their structure is identified. Stems: 1. The longitudinal section of shoot tip of representative dicot and monocot is studied. The following: leaf, leaf primordium, apical meristem, ground meristem, axillary bud, vascular bundle, and pith are identified. 2. A dicot and monocot is obtained and a cross section of the stems is made and the arrangement of vascular bundles is examined. The anatomy between this dicot and monocot is compared. 3. For both type of plants, epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem, cambium, pith, and vascular bundle are identified. Leaves: 1. Fresh specimen provided in lab is looked. Flowering plants show a variety of morphology to identify, such as, leaf arrangements and leaf venation. 2. Using fresh prepared slide or prepared slide of some flowering plants, the structure of the leaves is studied. The leaves have common features: cuticle, air space, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and vascular bundle are noticed. Flowers: 1. The longitudinal section of some flowers is looked. The parts of a flower: stigma, pistil, style, ovary, sepal, receptacle, peduncle, petal, filament, stamen, and anther are named. 2. A prepared slide of a cross section of mature anther (lily anther) is examined. Sections of the four microsporangia are found. Pollen grains within a microsporangium is looked. 3. A prepared slide of a cross section of an ovary (lily ovary). The several ovules are found. Megaspore mother cell within megasporangium is looked. The megasporangium develops is studied. The placenta, integuments, microphyle, egg cell, central cell, and polar nuclei are identified. 4. The demonstration slide of double fertilization is observed and the zygote, primary endosperm nucleus, and central cell of the female gametophyte are identified. Fruits and seeds 1. A sample of dry, dehiscent fruits (peanuts) is obtained. The fruit wall, cotyledon, plumule of embryo, embryo, radical, cotyledon, and seed coat are identified. 2. A sample of simple flesy fruits (tomato, a berry) is obtained. Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, locule, seed and placenta are identified. 3. A prepared slide of corn grain (Zea mays), a caryopsis fruit is examined. The pericarp of a corn grains is tightly united and inseparable from the seed. The pricarp, endosperm, cotyledon, coleoptiles, plumule bud, embryo, radical, and coleorhizae are identified. RESULTS Cross section of root Cross section of stem Cross section of leaves Cross section of flower Cross section of seed DISCUSSION For the lower vascular plants the important evolutionary development was in the water and food conducting tissues of the sporophyte. As we move on through the plant kingdom the next important development was the seed. The free living gametophyte is a vulnerable phase of the life cycle. Reproduction by seeds is a less chancy procedure and has other advantages for plant survival and dispersal. Seeds can be remarkably tolerant of environmental extremes heat, cold and drought. Unlike free-living gametophytes seeds can postpone their development until conditions are right. And, of course, we find them very convenient for plant propagation. Already in the coal-measure forests there were plants that reproduced by seeds. Some were the so-called seed ferns. Others were the ancestors of the plants we now know collectively as gymnosperms. In these plants the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary, as in the flowering plants; they grow on the surface of a modified leaf in a strobilus or cone. Gymnosperm means naked seed. Alternation of generations is still involved in the reproduction of these plants. They are all heterosporous: the microspores are shed as pollen, whereas the megaspore germinates in the strobilus to produce the female gametophyte. The archegonia in this gametophyte get fertilized by sperm from the male gametophyte and the zygote grows to produce an embryo which is enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. Gymnosperms were the dominant land plants in the age of dinosaurs, the Cretaceous and  Jurassic periods. The surviving gymnosperms in the Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta are similar in their woody habit and pattern of seed development but are not closely related. The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of  fruit  containing  seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the  petiole  attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in  violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an  inflorescence. There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which will divide to become  pollen grains, are the male cells and are borne in the  stamens  (or microsporophylls). The female cells called megaspores, which will divide to become the egg cell (megagametogenesis), are contained in the  ovule  and enclosed in thecarpel  (or megasporophyll). The flower may consist only of these parts, as in  willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as  sepals  and  petals  (or  tepalsin flowers such as  Magnolia  where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract  insect  or  bird  pollinators. Attraction is effected by color,  scent, and  nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans. While the majority of flowers are perfect or  hermaphrodite  (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and  physiological  mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal  pollinators  cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism calledself-incompatibility  to discriminate between self- and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers. POST-LAB QUESTIONS: 1. How to distinguish between a male and female cone of pine? The male cone will form at the bottom of the tree and it is much smaller than the female and the male produces the pollen grains and the female produces the ovule and forms at the top of the tree. 2. Explain the characteristics of gymnosperm seeds to aid in dispersal. Many gymnosperms have winged seeds that aid in dispersal. Generally, gymnosperms have heavy seeds so the wings only assist in moving the seed a short distance from the parent plant. 3. List some uses for conifers. Economically, conifers are very important as they are a major source of timber. The majority of the world’s sawn timbers come from conifers. Exploitation of this resource from wild growing forests is still going on in many parts of the world, but there is an obvious trend especially in the developed world to phase this out and use more sustainable planted or seeded resources. There are many species with highly different wood properties, some of these are extremely valuable and used for fine cabinet making or expensive applications in construction. Wood from conifers is also an important source of pulp for paper and cellulose fibres such as rayon. Conifers also very important in horticulture, especially in regions with a temperate climate. Several species have yielded hundreds of different cultivars and new ones are constantly appearing on the market. In some countries conifers have a role to play in traditional medicine and in religious ceremonies and, of course, our Christmas trees can be seen as a form of this kind of use. A few conifers even have edible seeds; well known are those of certain pines. 4. Lists the common characteristics of seeds plants. i. They have vascular tissue ii. They use seeds to reproduce iii. They all have body plans that include leaves, stems, and roots. 5. Contrast between dicots and monocots, the two classes of flowering plants. Monocots| Dicots| Herbaceous| May be woody or herbaceous| Embryo with single cotyledon| Embryo with 2 cotyledons| Flower parts in multiple of three| Flower parts with multiple of 4 or 5| Parallel-veined leaves| Net-veined leaves| Bundles of vascular tissue are scattred throughout the stem| Vascular bundle in the stem forms rings| Roots are adventitious| Root develop from radicle| . Discuss the features of plant flowering fruits and seeds. Seeds  develop from ovules in the ovary, and at maturity consist of an  embryo  and a reserve food supply surrounded by a protective covering, the  seed coat. The diversity of flowering plants assures diversity among their seeds, but, unlike fruits, which have numerous variations, structural plans for seeds are few. The reserve food can be stored either in or out of the embryo and the  cotyledons, the seed leaves can remain either below ground or be elevated above the surface when germination occurs. Fruits are ripened ovaries containing seeds with sometimes additional flower or inflorescence tissues associated with them. Only angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. From a botanical viewpoint, many of the foods we eat as vegetables are fruits, for examples, tomatoes, green beans, squash, eggplant, and peppers. Fruits apparently arose as a means not only of protecting the seeds, but as a way to ensure their dispersal. REFERENCES 1. http://faculty. unlv. edu/landau/gymnosperms. htm 2. http://www. kew. org/plants/conifers/uses. html 3. http://edhelper. com/ReadingComprehension_37_251. html

The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Essays

The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Essays The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Paper The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Paper In this piece of work the ideology of gender identity in western society will be discussed, the piece will draw on the theories of multiple sociologist and examine the role of gender inequality in society. The Work will briefly examine Gender Identity Disorder and its relevance to western society today. The concept of identity is defined as â€Å"A sense of self that develops as a child differentiates from parents and family and takes place in society† (Jary Jary,1991). A person’s identity is what makes them whom they are and what groups they belong too. A person’s identity includes their ethnicity, nationality, sexuality class and gender. Our social identity is whom we are, whom we see other people are and respectively how other people see themselves and others. To sociologist the concept of identity is paramount, a person’s identity can take many facets that are ever changing, and with these changes there can be many contradictions. Many sociologists believe that identities are not simply formed because of the social groups we belong too. Some theorists believe our identities to be fractured and fragmented. Our identities can be and often are extremely stereotypical, one such stereotype is that of gender. â€Å"Gender is a term that has psychological and cultural connotations; if the proper terms for sex are ‘male’ and ‘female’, the corresponding terms for gender are ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’; these latter might be entirely independent of (biological) sex. (Stoller, 1968, p.9) To elaborate, it is not necessarily right to say that being female means they will be feminine and aversely being male does not make them masculine, girls are not necessarily compassionate or caring; boys are not necessarily competitive and aggressive. There are many differences between men and women; many contrasting approaches have been developed for the understanding of gender identity and the social roles based on such diverse identities. A difference between sex and gender must be understood. To clarify the difference between males and female sociologists use sex to show anatomical and physiological differentiation, by contrast gender concerns the social, cultural and psychological differences between men and women. Gender is socially constructed; a man is seen as masculine and women seen as feminine; these assumptions are not a direct link to a person’s reproductive biology. Many theorists argue that many aspects of human biology ranging from hormones and chromosomes and even genetics; the size of the brain is in some way responsible for the innate differences in the behaviour of males and females in the development of identity. If the definition of gender identity is to be either male or female, include inherited sex chromosomes at conception and the release of hormones during the foetal process can be used to determine the factors of gender identity. This is clearly simplistic and can be flawed. Genetics does not answer the question of how a person’s gender identity can change over time. â€Å"Two of the leading theories to explain the formation of gender identities are concerned with the emotional dynamics between children and their caretakers, according to such views gender differences are formulated ‘unconsciously’ during the early years of life, rather than resulting from a biological disposition.†(Haralambos p.110) Freud’s(1905) theory perhaps the most influential yet controversial suggests that gender is learnt and is the result of the absence or present of a penis; Freud is cautious when suggesting this and insists this is not just an anatomical distinction that matters; the penis is symbolic and divers to the persons gender. Masculinity –v- Femininity. Chodorows (1978, 1988) concepts of gender development adopted the strategy of Freud although argued that learning to be female or male derives from childhood and the development of attachment to the parents at an early age. It does not recognize the emphasis on the penis as the mother is the principal attachment in he early years this must be broken for the child to achieve a sense of a separate self. Chodorows has suggested that this breaking process is different for both boys and girls, girls remain closer to their mother and able to show emotion, love, hugging and kissing and imitating her mothers actions. Because there is no definite break the girl and later in life, women, develops a sense of self that continues with other people, and her identity is more dependent on others. Boys, on the other hand, have to develop their sense of self by a more drastic and radicle break, he must reject his mother in order to gain a sense of masculinity. As a result of this break, boys are less skilled in relating closely to others, this produce the man to have a more analytic view of the world and repress their own feelings and those of the world. Gender inequality and the patriarchy system stand hand in hand, Walby (1990) said â€Å"patriarchy is indispensable for analysis of gender inequality â€Å"(Haralambos. P112) In defining patriarchy, we can understand the treatment of women throughout ages and how it has moulded their success and future in life. Patriarchy not only explains how our society functions in the world as a whole and our modern western society but how it controls women. Patriarchy is a control by men. The opposite of patriarchy is matriarchy this means women are dominant and the head of families. Obviously, the culture of Great Britain and most other countries is patriarchal. Men are dominant and have the power and control the women. Consider the basics of how our society functions ! Most women in western society have to fight for their rights and sometimes can be seen to struggle just to survive without the domination of men threatening them. Whether an individual woman wants to overcome patriarchy will come from her strong inherent desire to be independent. Pollert (1996) commented that those sociologist who have rejected the concept of patriarchy have turned to postmodernism. Pollet does not agree with postmodernism. It has, in recent years become an influential approach to gender identity and sex. Barret and Phillips (1992) suggest that because of dissatisfaction of general characteristics of traditional male dominated social science new feminisms have developed; i.e. Women have developed a range of new female identities. Feminists have always been doubtful of theories developed by men, although in the past socialist and liberal feminists have embraced aspects of male theories. The certainties of the Marxist, liberal and radical feminists developed in earlier decades are no longer uncritically accepted. Harriot Bradley (1997) disagrees that neither postmodern or modern conceptions of identity are sufficient on their own. She comments â€Å"A key objective is to pull together classical or modernist approaches to understanding inequalities with he newer perspectives inspired by postmodernism and poststructuralism†. (Haralambos, p702). Bradley believes that in contemporary western society stratification systems and identities are becoming fragmented and polarised. Stuart Hall (1992) theorised on three stages of identity, one of these stages was that of Enlightenment. The enlightenment theory recognises that each person’s identity is unique and that a person’s identity could not be broken down or made into something bigger. Halls ideology can be linked with that of Descartes (1596-1650). He believed that humans were divided into two parts; mind and body or a dualistic conception, everyone has a separate mind. Descartes said â€Å"Cogito ergu sum† I think therefore I am. This meant that a person was free to be as he felt without the boundaries of society or tradition. Both postmodernists and feminists question Enlightenment thinking as they do not believe that male rationality is inadequate for understanding the western social world. Ann Oakley (2002) has developed a global perspective on the impact of global gender inequalities. She suggests that patriarchy has an impact on the social world as a whole and not just in gender inequality, she draws her ideas from several types of feminism, she is decidedly dismissive of postmodernism. She believes that postmodernism wraps intellectuals in cotton wool and isolates them from critical social debates. Oakley denies that men are biologically born aggressive, and many men opposed to violence. She does not believe that one gender should be dominant but does suggest that the system of patriarchy should change within western society. Oakley has a structural view of society, and that believes that both men and women collude to maintain the gender/sex system, however the position of men and women in the system is not equal; men do have more power than women. Oakley agrees that significant steps have been taken in regards to womens rights and that some forms of gender inequali ty are in decline in, western society, women are not restricted in education, property ownership or whom they can marry. Gender socialisation assists in the understanding of studies of gender roles and how agencies such as family and the media play an inherent role in such socialization. This approach suggests a distinction between biological sex and social gender; a child is born with the first and develops the second by contact and interaction of social agencies. Children will internalise gradually to the expectations and social norms dependent on its biological sex. Gender inequality is the result of males and females being socialized into certain roles. Campbell (1993) suggested a link in the changing role of men in western society. In the past, a young man was expected to be the bread winner, have a clear set of goals for life such as a legitimate job, a wife and a family. The role of bread winner is now under stress particularly for men in more under privileged areas, in these areas only long term unemployment is an option and the means to support a family are less likely. Women have become more independent and do not require the support of a man to reach a status in a wider society in the social western world. In 1997, it was requested that the diagnosis of gender identity disorder was removed from the DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health) because it â€Å"implicitly labels homosexual boys as mentally disordered† (Isay.1997) Isays opinion was that the constructs of sexual orientation and gender identity are isomorphic. Many people with gender identity disorder became socially isolated, whether by choice or by ostracization, thus bringing on low self-esteem, depression and suicide. Peer ostracism and teasing are remarkably common for boys with the disorder in the education system. The requirements for Gender Identity Disorder (GID) to be diagnosed are exceedingly complex; the person must repeatedly state the insistence of wishing to be the opposite sex; refusal to wear stereotypical clothing; constant fantasies about being the opposite sex; the list is endless and no way exhaustible. The diagnosis of GID can take a minimum of two years. The generation in which we live today accepts boys whom openly dress up in clothes normally associated with girls. In an interview by fox news (2011) Dr Keith Ablow cautioned parents on allowing their children to watch transgender Chaz Bono on ‘Dancing with the stars’ for fear that their children would be influenced to swap gender. If the word of such people was adhered to the subject of gender identity would make it a flimsy susceptible construct, the choice between a rare steak and a fairy cake. This shows that, in some cases gender identity is not understood or accepted in western society by all. In conclusion, the gender identity of a person is a direct result of gender role socialisation, unlike a person’s sex which is biological. There are many differences between men and women; many contrasting approaches have been developed for the understanding of gender identity and the social roles based on such diverse identities. The enlightenment theory recognises that each person’s identity is unique and that a person’s identity could not be broken down or made into something bigger. Most women in western society have to fight for their rights and sometimes can be seen to struggle just to survive without the domination of men threatening them. Whether an individual woman wants to overcome patriarchy will come from her strong inherent desire to be independent. Patriarchy not only explains how our society functions in the world as a whole and our modern western society but how it controls women. Walby (1990) said â€Å"patriarchy is indispensable for analysis of gender inequality.†

Exploratory Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploratory Narrative - Essay Example They even use hidden cameras to see pin numbers as they are typed in by cardholders and then later on they steal wallets and withdraw cash from ATM machines (Safdar). The ease of robbing others is making this crime popular amongst individuals with criminal minds and intentions. This crime is on the rise and the loss of wealth can be significant if this crime goes undetected. I therefore strongly feel that we can all become the next target of such criminals. I feel that this crime must be stopped by card issuing companies by changing the design of information storage on cards, which is possible if they use small chips for storing information. Moreover, on individual basis we can take certain precautions to prevent criminals from getting access to our private information. When using the cash machine I will surely look out for any signs of glue, hidden cameras, and even cover my hand when I type in my pin code. Only this way I can avoid being robbed and loose my hard earned

Marketing high street fashions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing high street fashions - Essay Example In the past, high end retailers like those commonly found on High Street in London used to segment their most relevant customers by needs and lifestyle, along with resource availability depending on their social class. However, with rising competition from fast fashion, lower-end retailers acting like high-end fashion retailers, this philosophy has changed. Western models of segmentation such as the VALS2 Network which describes eight different lifestyle and resource tendencies of key markets are not as effective as they once were. This model describes active lifestyles versus more sedentary buyers with traditionalist values, as two examples, in order to help marketers identify with key needs, values and attitudes (Boone & Kurtz 2007). However, the current recession is changing even the buying behaviours of the most elite of customers who are looking for more value in their fashion purchases. Banister & Hogg (2004) identify that self-esteem has been one of the most important motivators for the consumption of symbolic goods, including fashion. Self-esteem, as related to high end fashion merchandise, involves how a consumer feels about the enhancements that fashion clothing adds to their lifestyle or image that directly impacts their final decision to select key branded merchandise. Self-esteem is also comparative to others in society, their own reference groups such as peers and celebrities, that provides the motivation to make high-dollar purchases in order to fit their own mould of what constitutes success and wealth. However, understanding what drives trend-based self-esteem requires a significant investment in primary research, such as the use of questionnaires and surveys, and the information is not beneficial over the long-term due to changing values and social conditions. Companies that are finding themselves with strapped and tight budgets do not have the resource s or the labour investment to conduct complicated psychologically-based primary studies consistently and must find new methods to target and segment their key customers most likely to make purchases and be loyal to the brand. Therefore, segmentation in high-end fashion retailers occurs differently today, amidst a difficult economy with rising competition globally. Geographic segmentation occurs regularly, especially for high-street retailers with a great deal of their support coming from local consumers in the London region with adequate resources to make purchases or those unaffected by the difficult economic conditions plaguing European countries. This is rather straight-forward for many fashion companies as it helps divide catalogue distribution and ensure that the right customers receive this literature to promote products. Today, primarily, marketers use psychographic segmentation strategies to understand buyer behaviour and gain presence in key markets they have

Unemployment Essay Example for Free

Unemployment Essay In every society there will always be a number of people who are unemployed. Unemployment is when there are people in our society who desire work but are unable to obtain it because of the fact that there are not enough jobs for everyone. There are many factors that can cause unemployment but one of the biggest factors is lack of private investment. This is caused by private companies not expanding their activities fast or not expanding them fast enough. Another main factor of unemployment is the increase of labour costs. Labour costs are the wages and salaries businesses have to pay their employees. This is a bad thing because if there wages and salaries increase to fast or are already high then businesses won’t be able to afford to pay the employees so they have to fire them. One final cause of unemployment is when there is a depression in the world economy. This is when countries of the world are going bad in there economy and cannot afford to buy as many exports as they would be able to previously. There are no positive aspects of unemployment and is really bad for the production of the economy. This means that we are wasting our resources because instead of producing goods and services with them we aren’t doing anything with them. But this isn’t the only effect of unemployment, people’s income will also change and it will cause more poverty. Unemployment also reduces the amount of tax paid to the government which means that the government will be losing money because since less people are working the government is getting less income tax but with whatever money they get they have to pay all the unemployed people and this is how the government gets into a lot of debt. Long-term unemployment is when people have been unemployed for 12 months or more. This is a very serious matter because when you have been unemployed for so long you have a high risk of poverty. Long term unemployment also places a strain on the government because they have to support without getting much tax revenue. Unemployment, particularly long term unemployment, is the most savage cause of poverty and disadvantage in our community. It is the cause of enormous personal and financial hardship for hundreds of thousands of people and their families. Unemployment is the greatest determiner of poverty and exclusion–and that is why the fight against unemployment is so critically important. However it is said that this battle can only result in victory by concentrating on providing jobs and opportunities rather than penalties or slogans. The importance of employment can only be explained, in that undertaking paid work fulfils many functions in our society. Employment is the main way of receiving money and thus survival, but we also often gain our sense of identity, self-worth and social connections through the paid work we do. Unemployment is the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work but is unable to secure a paid job. However, it is essential to note that to be considered unemployed, a person must be an active member of the labour force and in search of remunerative work. In March 2002, the ABS estimated that 622,300 people were unemployed in Australia at a rate of 6. 3 per cent. This is disturbing, in itself, but the figures would be even higher if the definition of unemployment was not so narrow. While the unemployment rate is useful, it also has some very real limitations. It does not represent what jobs are disappearing or being created, whether they are part-time or full-time, permanent or casual. It also does not reflect upon whether people are working too many hours or not enough hours, or the amount of time they remain without work. Unemployment is not a problem solely for those without paid work; it is a problem for all of us. If people have no money to spend, local businesses do not sell their products and this spiraling effect can impact on entire economies. People face a number of barriers to employment. The primary barrier is that there are not enough jobs for those who wish to undertake paid employment. In February 2002 there were still seven job-seekers for every job vacancy. There are also not enough supports available for people seeking paid work, such as access to affordable child care and rehabilitation or support mechanisms for people with disabilities. Also, paradoxically, people are often considered too young or too old by prospective employers, so age can also be a barrier to employment. Other barriers relate to where people are living. There are differences between rural and urban levels of unemployment, and also stark differences between suburbs in all major Australian cities. The unemployment rate is a figure produced monthly by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). An unemployed person is defined by the ABS as someone not in paid employment who is actively looking for work. Anyone who is doing paid work for at least one hour a week is not considered to be unemployed. Many people are marginally attached to the labour orce–they want to work but are not actively seeking employment. Sometimes people stop looking for work because they are under the misleading impression that they won’t be successful. These discouraged job seekers may believe they are too old, or too young, or do not possess the skills an employer would want. This is hidden unemployment. The other large group of people not represented in the statistics are those who are working but would prefer to work more hours, the underemployed. In February 2002, over 27 per cent of part-time workers wanted to work more hours . Three sources of data are used to calculate the figures representing the labour force in regard to unemployment. These involve the monthly labour force survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, statistics from the Job Network and statistics from Centrelink. Also, the Australian Bureau of Statistics take sit further in that they attempt to categorize the final statistics into sections involving age, region, sex, occupation and education. Currently, as previously mentioned, the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that the unemployment rate in Australia is approximately 6. % and nevertheless, this figure does not encapsulate hidden employment. Unfortunately, anyone can become unemployed readily. Statistically, however, indigenous Australians, recently arrived migrants, people with disabilities, young people and older workers who have been retrenched are most likely to be unemployed. People living in remote and rural communities also have higher rates of unemployment. The graph above shows the percentages of people in different age groups who were unemployed and looking for work in March 2002. Youth unemployment is very high across Australia. There are, however, fewer young people looking for work than in the past, as more undertake education and training before entering into the job market. Within the last two budgets, the Howard Government have attempted several tactics involving policies and the like to lower the unemployment rate in Australia. The centrepiece of the 2002 budget involved the Welfare Reform Package, which entailed many new policies to hopefully effectively reduce unemployment in Australia. This was designed to provide higher levels of service and support to those having difficulty with acquiring employment. This new system features policies where sole parents who wish to retain benefits they receive as an unemployed citizen and support a child between 12 and 15 years of age is required to attend an annual meeting at Centrelink, or a program which involves the undertaking of community service and/. or part time work. Those over the age of 50 are now required to claim identical benefits tot hose under, as opposed to the previous Mature Age Allowance or Partner Allowance. Training credits will be offered, but conversely mutual obligation requirements were introduced. Finally, all unemployed people face new requirements as soon as they have bee without employment for over 3 months, and are requested to attend interviews and job help programs to assist them in their search. Although Australians who are unemployed receive government assistance if they meet certain requirements, unemployment benefits leave many to survive below the poverty line. Governments play a pivotal role investing in research and development and social infrastructure (health, education and community services). Job creation is vital if the unemployment rate is to be reduced. If governments make such investments, this will not only maintain the fabric of society, but will create many meaningful employment opportunities. An important aspect of unemployment is the length of time people are without work. Long-term unemployment is a major problem in Australia. In March 2002, 24. 7 per cent of unemployed people had been without work for a year or more; of this group, 57. 2 per cent had been unemployed for over two years. It is estimated that one in five poor Australians are in paid work but are still almost unable to support themselves, and are known as–the ‘working poor’. Many people in Australia also get trapped in the cycle of insecure low-paid casual jobs, followed by periods spent living on income support. This growing number of people highlights the importance of creating quality jobs. Personally, I believe that whilst many effective strategies are in place to reduce unemployment in Australia, and in fact the rate of unemployment is lower than it has been in many years, more can be done to assist those unfortunate people. It has been said that the first step is to acknowledge that unemployment is a structural problem, not one of lazy individuals. This indicates that governments have a role to play in developing appropriate policy: as unemployment may be exacerbated by government policy it can similarly be alleviated by political intervention. A policy to reduce unemployment very substantially has a much greater chance of success if it is based on increased government expenditure. Some regions have been particularly hard hit, with industries that have previously provided the bulk of employment closing down or moving elsewhere. In some of these areas people from business, governments and the community have started working together to generate employment and strengthen local economies. In order to gain employment people need appropriate skills, so access to training is vital. Labour market programs that offer real and relevant training are needed not schemes which appear to blame unemployed people for their difficulties, with little focus on job placement and support. Whilst many occupations have placed several people out of work due to lack of demand, in opposition many professions require increased numbers of people to fill the demand in Australia. Programs should be established for the encouragement and training of those who require work in these fields, as this would doubly regard both the country and the people of it. In termination, unemployment is an involuntary condition, which not only affects those engulfed by it, but those who surround such people. In Australia, in my opinion we are blessed to live in such a democratic society, yet where the government takes an active interest in the plight of the people and thus encourages independence. The unemployment issues in Australia are countless, yet they are not without solution. In years to come, it is likely that our unemployment rate shall continue to decrease, due to the unfailing efforts of our government and citizens.

John Updike :: essays papers

John Updike Men and women have depended on each other forever. The unique bond between the male and female is often discussed through literature. John Updike examines male freedom as a myth. Through his writing, John Updike shows a man’s need of women. In the novel â€Å"Marry Me† by John Updike an ordinary suburban love affair is illustrated. Jerry is a man, engulfed by self-hatred, as well as raging anger. Sally, his mistress, is a depressed and confused woman lacking self-confidence. Jerry is in a marriage with Ruth, but it is by name only. The true elements of love, passion and pure sexual appetite are only exhibited through the love affair Jerry is having with Sally. Men are the focus of John Updike’s literature. Using male characters allows Updike to open up a feminized world. The men in Updike’s novels are victims of forces, which only the reader understands, but the character does not. Women are usually the only masculine pursuit in John Updike’s novels that offer the promise of relief. Jerry lives in a typical Connecticut suburb. His home lacks the usual male obsession of both work and sports. Jerry’s only urge for advancement was for money purposes. Unlike the traditional love triangle, which leaves two men fighting for one woman, Updike puts Ruth and Sally in competition for one man. John Updike provides the character assessment of Jerry to be one of a man with boyish hope for pure love with the â€Å"perfect† woman and his underlying wants and needs to love, as well as his helplessness to understand his own complicated life. In numerous pieces of John Updike’s literature when the male character finds the woman of their dreams, he will eventually begin to hate her. Jerry conquers Sally and overpowers her concerns for her small children, her marriage, as well as her devotion to family and her financial security. However, he is extremely unwilling to change, but in the same way unable to remain the same man. He knows what he desires in a woman. Jerry wants a warm woman, yet he stays with a cold woman. Ruth (Jerry’s wife) keeps both his anger and contempt alive, but he still stays with her. He looks in turn to his mistress Sally to give him strength and encouragement. However, by sally giving Jerry the support he will truly craves, she allows him to become frustrated and angry at her for threatening to demolish the hatred, which binds him to Ruth forever.

Old Town Embark in Australia Essay

1.0 Introduction of business in Malaysia Old Town White Coffee business is chosen for implementing its subsidiaries in other country through globalization. The store itself as a restaurant selling food and beverages are focused, but not their products of instant coffee (although the product will be sold in Australia in the store too, but the store is what we should focus on). Old Town White Coffee is established and incorporated in 1999 but opened its first chain of outlets in 2005. The business is always in leading position after its success and in 2012 it is still proudly the biggest â€Å"kopitiam† restaurant in Malaysia (Old Town, 2013). â€Å"Kopitiam† can be defiend as a coffee shop which the word kopi is a Malay word that has the meaning of coffee while the word tiam is the Hokkien dialect word for a shop. The outlets of Old Town White Coffee are based on the traditional Ipoh coffee shop setting. The business expanded rapidly in the years and its outlets are available in nationwide Malaysia including all the states. Each state has lots of outlet and mainly the most of them is Penang, followed by Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Later it expands to the stores in both Singapore and Indonesia. In 2009, there are around 1348 over retail outlets available in Malaysia, 550 in Singapore and 2100 in Hong Kong (Old Town, 2013). Old Town White Coffee operates mainly in selling coffee such as Nayang Kopi O and Nayang Kopi C and most importantly its signature drinks Ipoh White Coffee, but the business is also available in other beverages that are common in Malaysia such as Old Town White Milk Tea, Old Town Cham and Old Town Enriched Chocolate. Other than the beverages, there are some classic dishes like Old Town Nasi Lemak Special, Mee Java, Old Town Mee Hoon, Dry Curry Mee, Old Town Assam Laksa, Old Town Lum Mee, Old Town Ipoh Chicken Hor Fun and etc (Old Town, 2013). There are some local favorites and sweet delight such as Kaya and Butter toast and Old Town Signature Ice Cream. These food and beverages are all local food and beverages that are popular among the Malaysians. Old Town White Coffee can be said as successful as it grow from a small business to a large corporation nowadays, and it is well known in Malaysia. Since the market in Malaysia is matured it should have try to expand its business in the other countries and it is proved in both Singapore and Indonesia by its revenue and time they survived. Old Town White Coffee is well prepared to access to the world through globalization and try to dominate the market available to them. 2.0 PESTLE factors of country selected Pestle factors is a framework of macro-environmental factors which to be used in strategic management environmental scanning component. Political factor, economic factor, social factor, technological factor, environmental factor is included in Pestle (Byars, 1991). 2.1 Political factor The factor includes understanding about the political system, and some key figures that are relevant to government indicators and the business in the country (Jan, 2002). Trading policies in Australia with its neighbor countries is good and in favorable condition. Pressure groups in Australia will let new business to consider and practice Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics. Australia political environment can be consider as sound as it does not involve in any form of war inside or outside the country. Besides, the government of Australia is work in the policy that encourage international businesses to invest in. Political environment in Australia is sound, as there are voting elections held in every 3 years (Australia profile, 2007). However when new government is formed there might be revising the regulations of business. 2.2 Economic factor The factor provides understanding about the economic story of the country that gives significant macro-economic issues a balanced assessment (Jan, 2002). In Australia the economy is facing a recession, with 2-3% inflation rate and approximately 6% unemployment rate. Sales tax, progressive income tax, corporate tax rate and etc are implied on Australia. It is very competitive for the corporate tax rate in Australia comparing to some major economies. The climate in Australia is pleasant and favorable for businesses. Other than that, Australia trade focused more in Asia and some pacific countries. The interest rate in Australia is approximately 3% and is favorable for investors as the business can be finance in a lower cost. 2.3 Social factor The factor deals with customer demographics involves income distribution, healthcare, educational scenario, rural-urban segmentation and centers of affluence (Jan, 2002). The media in Australia has a great impact on the people’s life.99% of the population in Australia is educated. Quality goods are more favorable among them as they are all highly educated. Religious are pretty diversified in Australia and there is a small percentage of them do not take beef, and small percentage of them is vegetarians. Other than that there is also Muslim that does not take pork. Furthermore, the Australian has high buying power which is good for trading over there (Australia profile, 2007). 2.4 Technological factor The factor enables understanding of strategic information on technological laws and policies, patents, technology and telecom, technological gaps and opportunity sectors in the country (Jan, 2002). There is a number exceeding $30 million of current value of intellectual property in Australia (Australia profile, 2007). The transportation infrastructure of Australia is well formed in the country and the business can serve their customer in a best way through transportation. 2.5 Legal factor The factor enables study of legal structure, laws to start a business, corporate laws and the tax regime (Jan, 2002). Australia Law system is not binding but influential to each other. Law is passed by the Parliaments and both common law and equity, and constitutional and statute law are used. There are Australia copyright law and Australian contract law which governed the businesses trading in Australia. 2.6 Environmental factor The factor is considering the country’s performance on environmental policies and indicators (Jan, 2002). Australia is a country that supports environmental protection. When the business is operated in Australia, there should be assumption of no negative impact on the environmental issues and Australia campaign regarding environmental issues should be supported. 3.0 Benefits, Cost and Risks in the business endeavor To invest a business, there are always benefits the business can earn and there are also costs whether high or low the business has to pay off. When there is an investment of business there are always risks associated with. The benefits of implementing Old Town stores in Australia involves providing food and beverages that are local, Malaysian style to those students who are studying in Australia, or some Malaysian that has immigrated to Australia. Instead of Malaysian, Singaporean, Indonesian and Bruneian are also widely available in Australia. They always seek Chinese foods that are unavailable in Australia but in the only street, Chinatown. Opening stores in Australia will definitely have a pleased welcome of them. Other than that, through this the culture in Malaysia, the local delights of Malaysia can be spread to Australia through this method. As there are the needs from those students and immigrated Malaysian, Singaporean, Indonesian and Bruneian, opening Old Town stores in Australia will make profit. However, the costs of opening stores of Old Town White Coffee in Australia is not cheap as there are a need of large capacity for the resources including raw materials, labor forces, and etc. Moreover, the raw materials and labor forces in Australia is not cheap therefore the costs is highly expensive. Other than that, Old Town White Coffee has exported its 3 in one instant Old Town White Coffee worldwide therefore in this time they have to implement their store which is the restaurant selling food. This made them cannot have it to be done exporting but the other form of method of entry. This made the costs higher. When there are higher costs there are always associated with higher risks. However, a higher risk always gives a higher return. Investments are like gambling all the time. There should have appropriate strategic management assessing all the risks and see whether it is worth it to invest. It is definitely worth it to invest when there are already customer sources. However, the people are distributed in various places, to cut cost there have to be less opening of stores and this will make the people cannot access to the stores and therefore less customers. Other than that, the Australian might not like Old Town food and beverages due to different tastes. 4.0 Proposed Method of Entry The proposed mode of entry is the types of entry modes that to enter into foreign market which is spilt up to two major types of entry modes which are equity and non-equity mode. Equity modes involve joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries while non-equity modes involve export and contractual agreements. The entry methods are not similar and differ in degree of risk they present, the resource commitment and control they required and the investment return they promise (Agarwal & Ramaswami, 1992). The decision on what method chosen to enter a foreign will have a significant impact on the results therefore it should be careful when doing the selections. As it is a restaurant and cafà © based store it is impossible for Old Town White Coffee to enter the Australia market through exporting. There should be a try of contractual agreements like licensing and franchising, joint venture or direct investment which wholly owned the subsidiaries. In our view, as the costs are very high to invest in Australia and high risks associated in it, contractual agreement should be chosen as this method has provided the least of risks and costs other than exporting among all the choices of methods of entry. The advantages of licensing and franchising include minimizes risk and investment, having the ability of circumventing trade barriers, speed of entry, and high return on investment. Furthermore, there are low political risks, low costs and simultaneous expansion is allowed across the world. In an opposite way, the disadvantages of licensing and franchising involve lack of control of assets use, and the licenses or franchises might become a competitor later, the knowledge of the business is spillovers and the time period of license and franchise is limited. There might be wrong candidate of franchiser or licensor that ruin the business name or reputation (Agarwal & Ramaswami, 1992). Overall, there should have a use in licensing and franchising when there are import and investment barriers that are high but it is not appropriate in Australia as it is low in Australia. Other than that, there is no possible protection of legal in Australia environment which made licensing and franchising further not appropriate. However, there are large cultural distance and low potential of sales in Australia that estimated therefore using licensing and franchising is appropriated. Other than that is has to be assured that the licensee and franchisee has less ability to turn up to be a competitor. Old Town White Coffee should try joint ventures and direct investment but for cost and risk minimizing, they will have to choose licensing and franchising.

Different Forms Of Depressive Disorders - 1642 Words

A normal part of growing up is experiencing good days and bad days. On a bad day one might feel moody or depressed, sometimes without even knowing the cause of why. Every once in a while having depressed days is normal, especially for those going through the stages of puberty. If these days remain consistent, last for long periods, and effect personal relationships/daily activities, then that person is adequately suffering from clinical depression. There are numerous forms of depressive disorders. Clinical depressive disorder, most commonly referred to as major depressive disorder (MDD), is depression, according to the National Institute of Health, that includes severe symptoms which interfere with your ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life (â€Å"What is Depression?†). Major depression can be passed down from generation to generation in some cases, but also may affect victims that have no trace of the illness in his family history. MDD can be diagnosed to patients who experience some of the many symptoms on a daily basis. These symptoms include: fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, indecisiveness, insomnia or hypersomnia, anhedonia (loss of interest in all activities), restlessness, thoughts of death or suicide, and also, significant weight loss or weight gain. MDD is an episodic disorder. This means that the feelings come and go. Over half of those who suffer experience additional episodes later on. The National Institute of Mental Health reports 6.7% ofShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Human And Emotional Type Of Disorders1734 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional type of disorders. As a psychology major you get to look at psychology through many forms, this is done with an objective which prepares you so to see which focus you find or can connect to most, most often for personal or logical base reasons. 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