Causes Of The Civil War - Free Essay Example

With African Americans leaving the gathering of Lincoln and white Southerners grasping it, the waiting stun waves from the Civil War, in the long run, drove the gatherings to reconstitute themselves in various ways that are still discussed today. Some say the prime reason for the Civil War was social rights, others say it was because of subjection. Southerners in 1861 were genuinely sure the war was about subjugation. At the core of a great part of the Souths issues was servitude. The South depended on subjection for work to till the ground. Numerous individuals in the North trusted that subjection wasnt right and shrewdness these were known as abolitionists; they needed bondage made unlawful all through the United States. Abolitionists, for example, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe started to persuade an ever-increasing number of individuals of the shrewdness of subjugation. This made the South dreadful that their lifestyle would arrive at an end. The Southern states needed to attest their position over the government so they could abrogate bureaucratic laws they didnt bolster, particularly laws meddling with the Souths entitlement to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished. Another factor was regional extension; therefore, the South wished to bring servitude into the western domains, while the North was focused on keeping them open to whitework alone. In the interim, the recently framed Republican gathering, whose individuals were firmly restricted toward the westbound development of subjugation into new states, was picking up unmistakable quality. The decision of a Republican, Abraham Lincoln, as President in 1860 wrapped everything up. His triumph, without a solitary Southern appointive vote, was an unmistakable flag toward the Southern states that they had lost all impact. Feeling rejected from the political framework, they swung to the main elective they accepted was left to them: withdrawal, a political choice tha t drove straightforwardly to war. Slaves in the U.S., 1860 Pro-bondage advocates in California, for instance, needed captives to prospect for gold and assemble gold and silver mines. On the off chance that servitude was so vital toward the southern economy of cultivating, for what reason did just a single fourth of southerners claim slaves? For what reason were such huge numbers of noticeable southerners, for example, George Washington, George Wythe, and Thomas Jefferson contradicted, from a certain perspective to the foundation? Subjection, as well, was viewed as an ethical malice by a huge number of northern abolitionists who distributed papers and walked in the roads of residential areas and extensive urban communities conveying their bright pennants. Abraham Lincoln did not target cultivating and cotton in his contentions against bondage; he utilized ethical quality. He disclosed to one group of onlookers in Chicago in 1859 that, I think subjugation isnt right, ethically and politically. Lincoln told another gath ering of people that America couldnt be seen encouraging human servitude and broadcasting ourselves, in the meantime, the sole companions of human opportunity. And, obviously, in his legendary House Divided discourse he anticipated that the United States would be either all slave or all free. With the dread of the Civil War, the idea that slave work for cotton fields caused the Civil War has been fortified by reading material and anecdotal accounts for over a century. Students of history, notwithstanding, contend for a more nuanced, complex comprehension. The Civil War was battled for some reasons, not exclusively or even basically in view of the developing significance of cotton on southern homesteads.

Collegiate Sports Should Players Get Paid - 3146 Words

The biggest question in collegiate sports right now is should players get paid to play? Some argue it would destroy the amateurism in collegiate sports. If they are paid then they should be considered professionals. Others say it would help the students be able to support themselves while they are in college. They are getting a free education from a top university isn’t that enough? No and that’s why I say yes and that collegiate athletes should get paid to play sports because money is being made from the use of their talents and exploitation of their likeness. There is a lot of money being made by the NCAA and schools that have major programs in any sporting event. There are 460,000 students that participate in collegiate sports†¦show more content†¦Its purpose was to be a rules and regulating body for intercollegiate sports. Also to establish rules for recruiting and financial aid to athletes. And control the amount of money going to each school and various organizations. As television began to broaden our horizons and collegiate games were being able to be seen around the world the NCAA saw a major influx in money it was receiving after the 1980’s. Now almost every sports and championship is shown on networks such as ESPN, Fox Sports, CBS, and ABC. As of 2013 the NCAA made 912.8 million dollars in revenue from March Madness according to Indystar.com. NCAA.com shows that only 532 million was reimbursed to between the 3 collegiate divisions. With Division 1 receiving $497,600,000 while division 2 received 22 million and division 3 receiving 13 million to split between each of its number of schools in each division. This money is to be disbursed between 5 different categories: 39 % to the basketball fund, 26 % to grants and aid, 15% to student assistance, 13% to sports sponsorships, and 5% to academic enhancement. That leaves almost 380.8 million dollars left. 280 million goes to association programming, management, and surplus. That still leaves close to 100 million dollars of unused funds that the NCAA has left over. Even more considering that the NCAA make around $6 billion annually just from March

The Impact Of Gambling On The Australian Community

1. Introduction The gambling industry is big business in Australia, with Australians losing $15 billion on gambling last year (Tasmanian Gaming Commission, 2003). The industry has grown substantially in the last twenty years following the widespread introduction and legalisation of casinos and gaming machines. The proportion of household disposable income directed towards gambling has escalated, as has the amount of taxation revenue provided to governments from gambling. A number of parallels have been drawn between gambling and alcohol as both are legal for adults, heavily marketed, strongly regulated, provide substantial tax revenue, can be viewed as entertainment, and are deemed a matter of personal responsibility. This paper explores the concerns surrounding the role of gambling in the Australian community. It examines the extent to which gambling is an established part of industry at both the state and federal level and the manner in which gambling is regulated by various Australian governments. It provides analysis of both the positive and negative economic and social impacts of gambling in Australia. 2. What is Gambling? Gambling, defined by Talina Drabsch (2003), is the act of staking money on uncertain events driven by chance. It can be subdivided into two groups: wagering (racing and sports) and gaming (casinos, gaming machines, keno and lotteries). It has been a feature of the Australian lifestyle for over 100 years with the first official horse meeting being runShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Banning Pit Bull Terriers937 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Name: Kinwen Foo Student ID: Gec000009f Unit task: VU21482 Task 1 1. Banning Pit Bull terriers. Hour alcohol can harm communities Wind forms Climate change Alpine logging 2. 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The Effects of Online Newspapers on Newspaper Cicrulation free essay sample

Newspapers are journals for producing and retaining information and events. They are the primary medium from which people receive news. According to the Wikipedia, the newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. Newspapers are usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as Newsprint. The printed product received at bookshops and newsstands may seem like a technological improvement from Johannes Gutenberg’s time. In fact, Gutenberg, a German Blacksmith (1398-1468) is often credited with the evolution of printing which is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period. At present, technologies are indeed shaping the scope of news reporting all over the world, with Nigeria inclusive. In fact, technology has always been a metaphor for change in the media industries (Defleur and Dennis 1994:224). The fact however, is that newspapers are well into the technological age. Reporters dip into digitized data for source materials and write stories on computers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Online Newspapers on Newspaper Cicrulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Editors edit stories and lay out pages electronically. It is in final production that old technologies reign with multimillion naira presses that consume tons and tons of newsprint and barrels and barrels of ink. In delivery too, with minimum-wage vendors who are entrusted to get the papers to readers. This had made newspapers to lag. Hence, circulation figures have drooped so low in recent times. It is in the light of this that Press Baron, Rupert Murdoch, who once described the profits flowing from his stables of newspapers as â€Å"rivers of gold†, was quoted to have said several years later that â€Å"sometimes, rivers dry up†. In 2009, a study conducted revealed that the combined daily circulation of all Nigerian newspapers was less than 300000. These figures though was vehemently disagreed upon by Publishers considering the fact that circulation figures is a major factor which the advertiser uses to prepare a media plan. However, denying a thing does not make it false. The truth is that all newspapers in Nigeria today, have a combined daily circulation that is far less than that of Daily Times of Nigeria in 1980, when the population in Nigeria then was about half of what it is today (Popoola, 2010). Times are changing. In the vanguard of evolving trends in media practice and dissemination of news, newspapers are considering combining other options. The introduction of the internet has enabled newspapers to complement their importance by creating online versions of their newspapers. Online newspapers, according to Wikipedia, are newspapers that exist on the Worldwide Web. It is becoming more common for newspaper publishers to establish Web sites, and sometimes an Internet address is included in the publisher’s statement in print. The extent of online information offered by newspaper publishers varies greatly. Some offer online versions of their print issues, others offer their current top stories with additional Internet news services, and some offer only subscription and advertising information.

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Essay Example

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Essay PRACTICAL 6 Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the features of seed plant life cycle and the concept of the dominant generation. 2. To describe the life histories and related reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 3. To summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms and angiosperms. 4. To discuss the advantages of seed plants to dominate land and their evolutionary adaptations on land. EXPERIMENT 1: Gymnosperms INTRODUCTION: Gymnosperms (720 species in 65 genera) are ancient seed plants that include ginkgos (Division Ginkgophyta), cycads (Division Cycadophyta), conifers (Division Coniferophyta), and gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta). The term gymnosperm derives from the Greek wood roots gymnos, meaning â€Å"naked†, and sperma, meaning â€Å"seed†. They are naked-seeded plants meaning that the ovule, which becomes a seed, is exposed on the sporophyte at pollination. Mature seed are not enclosed in a fruit as are those of flowering plants. Gymnosperms are best known for their characteristic cones, called strobili. These strobili display sporangia and their subsequently developing ovules and pollens. Gymnosperms do not require water for sperm to swim to reach the egg as do seedless plants. Instead, immense amount of windblown pollen are produced. Most gymnosperm cones, including the familiar pine cone, are complex whorls of leaflike, woody scales around a central axis. The smallest cones include those of the junipers (Juniperus) which have flesh scales fused into a structure resembling a berry. The larger cones may weigh 45 kg and are produced by cycads. We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In most gymnosperm species, the female megastrobilus is larger and distinctive from the male microstrobilus. MATERIALS: 1. Living or preserved specimens of * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) * Cycad (Cycad sp. ) * Pine (Pinus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of gymnosperms 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: A ginkgo: 1. A prepared slide of male strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. 2. A prepared slide of female strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. A cycad: 1. A female cycad is examined. The leaves, megasporophylls, megasporangia and developing seed are identified. 2. The pollen cone bears on male cycad. Pollinated cone is examined and microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are identified. A pine: 1. A male cone and female cone of Pinus sp. are obtained. 2. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of female cone is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangia, and ovule are looked. 3. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of male cone is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are looked. 4. Fertilization occurs after the pollen tube penetrates the megasporangium and allows sperm to enter the archegonium and fuses with the egg. The zygote will form after fertilization. A prepared slide of the developing embryo of Pinus sp. is examined. 5. Mature seed cone is obtained. The seed with wing attached to the ovuliferous scale is found. 6. The anatomy of pine leaf one needle is examined. The following: epidermis, stoma, photosynthetic mesophyll, endodermis, phloem, xylem, and resin duct are identified. RESULTS Cross section of Ginkgo Biloba Cross section of Cycad Cross section of female pine Cross section of male pine EXPERIMENT 2: Angiosperms INTRODUCTION: Angiosperms are the most abundant, diverse, and widespread of all land plants. They are successful because they are structurally diverse, have efficient vascular systems, share a variety of mutualisms (especially with insects and fungi), and have short generation times. Flowering plants are important to human because our world economy is overwhelmingly based on them. Indeed, we eat and use vegetative structures (roots, stems and leaves) as well as reproductive structure (flowers, seeds, and fruits). You will find that many of the vegetative structures are quite similar to those of more ancient plants shown. The roots, stems, and leaves of flowering plants function just as those of ferns and cone bearing plants. Flowers and fruits, however are unique adaptations of angiosperms. Biologists believe that the extraordinary adaptiveness of these structures has led to the proliferation of the incredible diversity found among flowering plants. MATERIALS: 1. Living specimens of angiosperms (dicots monocots) with roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Imperata cylindrical, zea mays, Carica papaya, Phaseolus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of angiosperms (dicots monocots) 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: Roots: 1. A root of dicots and monocots are obtained for morphology and anatomy study. 2. The root systems of representative dicot and monocot are looked. 3. Cross section of dicot root shows the central stele is surrounded by a thick cortex and epidermis. The following: epidermis, cortex, parenchyma cells, starch grains, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, and xylem are identified. 4. Cross section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds a central pith. The following: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and xylem are identified. 5. A prepared slide of the roots for some other species is obtained and their structure is identified. Stems: 1. The longitudinal section of shoot tip of representative dicot and monocot is studied. The following: leaf, leaf primordium, apical meristem, ground meristem, axillary bud, vascular bundle, and pith are identified. 2. A dicot and monocot is obtained and a cross section of the stems is made and the arrangement of vascular bundles is examined. The anatomy between this dicot and monocot is compared. 3. For both type of plants, epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem, cambium, pith, and vascular bundle are identified. Leaves: 1. Fresh specimen provided in lab is looked. Flowering plants show a variety of morphology to identify, such as, leaf arrangements and leaf venation. 2. Using fresh prepared slide or prepared slide of some flowering plants, the structure of the leaves is studied. The leaves have common features: cuticle, air space, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and vascular bundle are noticed. Flowers: 1. The longitudinal section of some flowers is looked. The parts of a flower: stigma, pistil, style, ovary, sepal, receptacle, peduncle, petal, filament, stamen, and anther are named. 2. A prepared slide of a cross section of mature anther (lily anther) is examined. Sections of the four microsporangia are found. Pollen grains within a microsporangium is looked. 3. A prepared slide of a cross section of an ovary (lily ovary). The several ovules are found. Megaspore mother cell within megasporangium is looked. The megasporangium develops is studied. The placenta, integuments, microphyle, egg cell, central cell, and polar nuclei are identified. 4. The demonstration slide of double fertilization is observed and the zygote, primary endosperm nucleus, and central cell of the female gametophyte are identified. Fruits and seeds 1. A sample of dry, dehiscent fruits (peanuts) is obtained. The fruit wall, cotyledon, plumule of embryo, embryo, radical, cotyledon, and seed coat are identified. 2. A sample of simple flesy fruits (tomato, a berry) is obtained. Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, locule, seed and placenta are identified. 3. A prepared slide of corn grain (Zea mays), a caryopsis fruit is examined. The pericarp of a corn grains is tightly united and inseparable from the seed. The pricarp, endosperm, cotyledon, coleoptiles, plumule bud, embryo, radical, and coleorhizae are identified. RESULTS Cross section of root Cross section of stem Cross section of leaves Cross section of flower Cross section of seed DISCUSSION For the lower vascular plants the important evolutionary development was in the water and food conducting tissues of the sporophyte. As we move on through the plant kingdom the next important development was the seed. The free living gametophyte is a vulnerable phase of the life cycle. Reproduction by seeds is a less chancy procedure and has other advantages for plant survival and dispersal. Seeds can be remarkably tolerant of environmental extremes heat, cold and drought. Unlike free-living gametophytes seeds can postpone their development until conditions are right. And, of course, we find them very convenient for plant propagation. Already in the coal-measure forests there were plants that reproduced by seeds. Some were the so-called seed ferns. Others were the ancestors of the plants we now know collectively as gymnosperms. In these plants the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary, as in the flowering plants; they grow on the surface of a modified leaf in a strobilus or cone. Gymnosperm means naked seed. Alternation of generations is still involved in the reproduction of these plants. They are all heterosporous: the microspores are shed as pollen, whereas the megaspore germinates in the strobilus to produce the female gametophyte. The archegonia in this gametophyte get fertilized by sperm from the male gametophyte and the zygote grows to produce an embryo which is enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. Gymnosperms were the dominant land plants in the age of dinosaurs, the Cretaceous and  Jurassic periods. The surviving gymnosperms in the Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta are similar in their woody habit and pattern of seed development but are not closely related. The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of  fruit  containing  seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the  petiole  attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in  violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an  inflorescence. There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which will divide to become  pollen grains, are the male cells and are borne in the  stamens  (or microsporophylls). The female cells called megaspores, which will divide to become the egg cell (megagametogenesis), are contained in the  ovule  and enclosed in thecarpel  (or megasporophyll). The flower may consist only of these parts, as in  willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as  sepals  and  petals  (or  tepalsin flowers such as  Magnolia  where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract  insect  or  bird  pollinators. Attraction is effected by color,  scent, and  nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans. While the majority of flowers are perfect or  hermaphrodite  (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and  physiological  mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal  pollinators  cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism calledself-incompatibility  to discriminate between self- and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers. POST-LAB QUESTIONS: 1. How to distinguish between a male and female cone of pine? The male cone will form at the bottom of the tree and it is much smaller than the female and the male produces the pollen grains and the female produces the ovule and forms at the top of the tree. 2. Explain the characteristics of gymnosperm seeds to aid in dispersal. Many gymnosperms have winged seeds that aid in dispersal. Generally, gymnosperms have heavy seeds so the wings only assist in moving the seed a short distance from the parent plant. 3. List some uses for conifers. Economically, conifers are very important as they are a major source of timber. The majority of the world’s sawn timbers come from conifers. Exploitation of this resource from wild growing forests is still going on in many parts of the world, but there is an obvious trend especially in the developed world to phase this out and use more sustainable planted or seeded resources. There are many species with highly different wood properties, some of these are extremely valuable and used for fine cabinet making or expensive applications in construction. Wood from conifers is also an important source of pulp for paper and cellulose fibres such as rayon. Conifers also very important in horticulture, especially in regions with a temperate climate. Several species have yielded hundreds of different cultivars and new ones are constantly appearing on the market. In some countries conifers have a role to play in traditional medicine and in religious ceremonies and, of course, our Christmas trees can be seen as a form of this kind of use. A few conifers even have edible seeds; well known are those of certain pines. 4. Lists the common characteristics of seeds plants. i. They have vascular tissue ii. They use seeds to reproduce iii. They all have body plans that include leaves, stems, and roots. 5. Contrast between dicots and monocots, the two classes of flowering plants. Monocots| Dicots| Herbaceous| May be woody or herbaceous| Embryo with single cotyledon| Embryo with 2 cotyledons| Flower parts in multiple of three| Flower parts with multiple of 4 or 5| Parallel-veined leaves| Net-veined leaves| Bundles of vascular tissue are scattred throughout the stem| Vascular bundle in the stem forms rings| Roots are adventitious| Root develop from radicle| . Discuss the features of plant flowering fruits and seeds. Seeds  develop from ovules in the ovary, and at maturity consist of an  embryo  and a reserve food supply surrounded by a protective covering, the  seed coat. The diversity of flowering plants assures diversity among their seeds, but, unlike fruits, which have numerous variations, structural plans for seeds are few. The reserve food can be stored either in or out of the embryo and the  cotyledons, the seed leaves can remain either below ground or be elevated above the surface when germination occurs. Fruits are ripened ovaries containing seeds with sometimes additional flower or inflorescence tissues associated with them. Only angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. From a botanical viewpoint, many of the foods we eat as vegetables are fruits, for examples, tomatoes, green beans, squash, eggplant, and peppers. Fruits apparently arose as a means not only of protecting the seeds, but as a way to ensure their dispersal. REFERENCES 1. http://faculty. unlv. edu/landau/gymnosperms. htm 2. http://www. kew. org/plants/conifers/uses. html 3. http://edhelper. com/ReadingComprehension_37_251. html

The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Essays

The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Essays The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Paper The influence of gender on identity in contemporary Western Society Paper In this piece of work the ideology of gender identity in western society will be discussed, the piece will draw on the theories of multiple sociologist and examine the role of gender inequality in society. The Work will briefly examine Gender Identity Disorder and its relevance to western society today. The concept of identity is defined as â€Å"A sense of self that develops as a child differentiates from parents and family and takes place in society† (Jary Jary,1991). A person’s identity is what makes them whom they are and what groups they belong too. A person’s identity includes their ethnicity, nationality, sexuality class and gender. Our social identity is whom we are, whom we see other people are and respectively how other people see themselves and others. To sociologist the concept of identity is paramount, a person’s identity can take many facets that are ever changing, and with these changes there can be many contradictions. Many sociologists believe that identities are not simply formed because of the social groups we belong too. Some theorists believe our identities to be fractured and fragmented. Our identities can be and often are extremely stereotypical, one such stereotype is that of gender. â€Å"Gender is a term that has psychological and cultural connotations; if the proper terms for sex are ‘male’ and ‘female’, the corresponding terms for gender are ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’; these latter might be entirely independent of (biological) sex. (Stoller, 1968, p.9) To elaborate, it is not necessarily right to say that being female means they will be feminine and aversely being male does not make them masculine, girls are not necessarily compassionate or caring; boys are not necessarily competitive and aggressive. There are many differences between men and women; many contrasting approaches have been developed for the understanding of gender identity and the social roles based on such diverse identities. A difference between sex and gender must be understood. To clarify the difference between males and female sociologists use sex to show anatomical and physiological differentiation, by contrast gender concerns the social, cultural and psychological differences between men and women. Gender is socially constructed; a man is seen as masculine and women seen as feminine; these assumptions are not a direct link to a person’s reproductive biology. Many theorists argue that many aspects of human biology ranging from hormones and chromosomes and even genetics; the size of the brain is in some way responsible for the innate differences in the behaviour of males and females in the development of identity. If the definition of gender identity is to be either male or female, include inherited sex chromosomes at conception and the release of hormones during the foetal process can be used to determine the factors of gender identity. This is clearly simplistic and can be flawed. Genetics does not answer the question of how a person’s gender identity can change over time. â€Å"Two of the leading theories to explain the formation of gender identities are concerned with the emotional dynamics between children and their caretakers, according to such views gender differences are formulated ‘unconsciously’ during the early years of life, rather than resulting from a biological disposition.†(Haralambos p.110) Freud’s(1905) theory perhaps the most influential yet controversial suggests that gender is learnt and is the result of the absence or present of a penis; Freud is cautious when suggesting this and insists this is not just an anatomical distinction that matters; the penis is symbolic and divers to the persons gender. Masculinity –v- Femininity. Chodorows (1978, 1988) concepts of gender development adopted the strategy of Freud although argued that learning to be female or male derives from childhood and the development of attachment to the parents at an early age. It does not recognize the emphasis on the penis as the mother is the principal attachment in he early years this must be broken for the child to achieve a sense of a separate self. Chodorows has suggested that this breaking process is different for both boys and girls, girls remain closer to their mother and able to show emotion, love, hugging and kissing and imitating her mothers actions. Because there is no definite break the girl and later in life, women, develops a sense of self that continues with other people, and her identity is more dependent on others. Boys, on the other hand, have to develop their sense of self by a more drastic and radicle break, he must reject his mother in order to gain a sense of masculinity. As a result of this break, boys are less skilled in relating closely to others, this produce the man to have a more analytic view of the world and repress their own feelings and those of the world. Gender inequality and the patriarchy system stand hand in hand, Walby (1990) said â€Å"patriarchy is indispensable for analysis of gender inequality â€Å"(Haralambos. P112) In defining patriarchy, we can understand the treatment of women throughout ages and how it has moulded their success and future in life. Patriarchy not only explains how our society functions in the world as a whole and our modern western society but how it controls women. Patriarchy is a control by men. The opposite of patriarchy is matriarchy this means women are dominant and the head of families. Obviously, the culture of Great Britain and most other countries is patriarchal. Men are dominant and have the power and control the women. Consider the basics of how our society functions ! Most women in western society have to fight for their rights and sometimes can be seen to struggle just to survive without the domination of men threatening them. Whether an individual woman wants to overcome patriarchy will come from her strong inherent desire to be independent. Pollert (1996) commented that those sociologist who have rejected the concept of patriarchy have turned to postmodernism. Pollet does not agree with postmodernism. It has, in recent years become an influential approach to gender identity and sex. Barret and Phillips (1992) suggest that because of dissatisfaction of general characteristics of traditional male dominated social science new feminisms have developed; i.e. Women have developed a range of new female identities. Feminists have always been doubtful of theories developed by men, although in the past socialist and liberal feminists have embraced aspects of male theories. The certainties of the Marxist, liberal and radical feminists developed in earlier decades are no longer uncritically accepted. Harriot Bradley (1997) disagrees that neither postmodern or modern conceptions of identity are sufficient on their own. She comments â€Å"A key objective is to pull together classical or modernist approaches to understanding inequalities with he newer perspectives inspired by postmodernism and poststructuralism†. (Haralambos, p702). Bradley believes that in contemporary western society stratification systems and identities are becoming fragmented and polarised. Stuart Hall (1992) theorised on three stages of identity, one of these stages was that of Enlightenment. The enlightenment theory recognises that each person’s identity is unique and that a person’s identity could not be broken down or made into something bigger. Halls ideology can be linked with that of Descartes (1596-1650). He believed that humans were divided into two parts; mind and body or a dualistic conception, everyone has a separate mind. Descartes said â€Å"Cogito ergu sum† I think therefore I am. This meant that a person was free to be as he felt without the boundaries of society or tradition. Both postmodernists and feminists question Enlightenment thinking as they do not believe that male rationality is inadequate for understanding the western social world. Ann Oakley (2002) has developed a global perspective on the impact of global gender inequalities. She suggests that patriarchy has an impact on the social world as a whole and not just in gender inequality, she draws her ideas from several types of feminism, she is decidedly dismissive of postmodernism. She believes that postmodernism wraps intellectuals in cotton wool and isolates them from critical social debates. Oakley denies that men are biologically born aggressive, and many men opposed to violence. She does not believe that one gender should be dominant but does suggest that the system of patriarchy should change within western society. Oakley has a structural view of society, and that believes that both men and women collude to maintain the gender/sex system, however the position of men and women in the system is not equal; men do have more power than women. Oakley agrees that significant steps have been taken in regards to womens rights and that some forms of gender inequali ty are in decline in, western society, women are not restricted in education, property ownership or whom they can marry. Gender socialisation assists in the understanding of studies of gender roles and how agencies such as family and the media play an inherent role in such socialization. This approach suggests a distinction between biological sex and social gender; a child is born with the first and develops the second by contact and interaction of social agencies. Children will internalise gradually to the expectations and social norms dependent on its biological sex. Gender inequality is the result of males and females being socialized into certain roles. Campbell (1993) suggested a link in the changing role of men in western society. In the past, a young man was expected to be the bread winner, have a clear set of goals for life such as a legitimate job, a wife and a family. The role of bread winner is now under stress particularly for men in more under privileged areas, in these areas only long term unemployment is an option and the means to support a family are less likely. Women have become more independent and do not require the support of a man to reach a status in a wider society in the social western world. In 1997, it was requested that the diagnosis of gender identity disorder was removed from the DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health) because it â€Å"implicitly labels homosexual boys as mentally disordered† (Isay.1997) Isays opinion was that the constructs of sexual orientation and gender identity are isomorphic. Many people with gender identity disorder became socially isolated, whether by choice or by ostracization, thus bringing on low self-esteem, depression and suicide. Peer ostracism and teasing are remarkably common for boys with the disorder in the education system. The requirements for Gender Identity Disorder (GID) to be diagnosed are exceedingly complex; the person must repeatedly state the insistence of wishing to be the opposite sex; refusal to wear stereotypical clothing; constant fantasies about being the opposite sex; the list is endless and no way exhaustible. The diagnosis of GID can take a minimum of two years. The generation in which we live today accepts boys whom openly dress up in clothes normally associated with girls. In an interview by fox news (2011) Dr Keith Ablow cautioned parents on allowing their children to watch transgender Chaz Bono on ‘Dancing with the stars’ for fear that their children would be influenced to swap gender. If the word of such people was adhered to the subject of gender identity would make it a flimsy susceptible construct, the choice between a rare steak and a fairy cake. This shows that, in some cases gender identity is not understood or accepted in western society by all. In conclusion, the gender identity of a person is a direct result of gender role socialisation, unlike a person’s sex which is biological. There are many differences between men and women; many contrasting approaches have been developed for the understanding of gender identity and the social roles based on such diverse identities. The enlightenment theory recognises that each person’s identity is unique and that a person’s identity could not be broken down or made into something bigger. Most women in western society have to fight for their rights and sometimes can be seen to struggle just to survive without the domination of men threatening them. Whether an individual woman wants to overcome patriarchy will come from her strong inherent desire to be independent. Patriarchy not only explains how our society functions in the world as a whole and our modern western society but how it controls women. Walby (1990) said â€Å"patriarchy is indispensable for analysis of gender inequality.†

Exploratory Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploratory Narrative - Essay Example They even use hidden cameras to see pin numbers as they are typed in by cardholders and then later on they steal wallets and withdraw cash from ATM machines (Safdar). The ease of robbing others is making this crime popular amongst individuals with criminal minds and intentions. This crime is on the rise and the loss of wealth can be significant if this crime goes undetected. I therefore strongly feel that we can all become the next target of such criminals. I feel that this crime must be stopped by card issuing companies by changing the design of information storage on cards, which is possible if they use small chips for storing information. Moreover, on individual basis we can take certain precautions to prevent criminals from getting access to our private information. When using the cash machine I will surely look out for any signs of glue, hidden cameras, and even cover my hand when I type in my pin code. Only this way I can avoid being robbed and loose my hard earned